PMD Importance Sampling

1. VPItransmissionMaker™ WDM offers deterministic and statistical methods of simulating PMD. The statistical methods include all-orders of PMD, whereas the deterministic offer 1st and 2nd order PMD emulation.
2. With all-order simulation, Importance Sampling (IS) methods are provided as they allow the unlikely near-worst-case fiber states to be accessed with fewer simulations.
3. These near-worst-case fiber states can be saved to file for testing of PMD compensation methods.
4. This example shows how IS can be used to assess the validity of multistage emulators against the ideal 'Maxwellian' distribution of differential group delay.